Saint Bernadette Soubirous :: essays research papers

Holy person Bernadette Soubirous The Soubirous family lived in the most distant north of the little town of Lourdes, in the Lapaca region. An enormous stream streamed there, and on this stream there were seven factories; one of them known as the Boly Mill, and this had been the living arrangement of the Soubirous. Francois Soubirous rented the plant from family members of his significant other, Louise. From multiple points of view, it was the exchange of the mill operator that had brought the couple together. They had hitched on the area church on ninth January 1843. By 1855, the family pay had diminished radically - exchange was bad at the plant, what's more, the Soubirous were not the best of agents; frequently loaded up with feel sorry for for the poor of the nearby individuals, they would advise their clients to pay when they had the option to, and they never declined credit. Furthermore, obviously there was the family to raise, which further depleted their assets. Done having the option to pay for the lease of the factory, the Soubirous had to stop their residences, surrender the mill operators exchange and take on whatever work they could discover for themselves. Francois Soubirous reviewed that another relative possessed a structure in the Rue des Petits Fossã ©s - this structure was the previous Lourdes prison. The old prison was privately known as "the Cachot". The Soubirous were permitted to remain there lease free. Each night, the family accumulated around the old chimney for family supplications. This finished up with the recitation of the Rosary - regularly drove by one of the Soubirous young ladies, Bernadette. BERNADETTE The marriage of Francois Soubirous and Louise Casterot created six kids. The oldest of these was Bernadette. She was conceived on seventh January 1844, and was purified through water the following day by Abbã © Forgues in the old ward church, being given the name of Marie Bernarde. As a result of her little height, she was constantly alluded to by the little type of the name, Bernadette. A half year later, Louise was anticipating a kid; along these lines, Bernadette was endowed to the consideration of a lady in close by Bartres, Marie Aravant, who had quite recently lost a child kid. She remained there for 15 months. From her introduction to the world, Bernadette was a powerless youngster, experiencing and still, at the end of the day the asthma which would cause her so much enduring that afterward, in the religious circle, she would ask the medical caretakers to tear open her chest so that she may relax. As a result of her sensitive constitution, her folks would endeavor to give her small amounts of food not accessible to different youngsters, for example, white bread rather than dark.

How to Treat Gummosis, or Bleeding in Tree Bark

The most effective method to Treat Gummosis, or Bleeding in Tree Bark Draining bark onâ trees and other woody plantsâ often prompts concern when its found by tree cultivators and yard tree proprietors. Gum or sap depleting from a tree trunk or appendages is basic in trees in the class Prunus, which incorporates peaches and fruits, however it can occur in numerous species. This sap stream can be brought about by biotic ailments, which are activated by living beings, for example, parasites, and abiotic injury, brought about by non-living variables, for example, daylight and temperature change. One course reading definition gummosis is the bounteous creation and exudation of gum by a sick or harmed tree, particularly as a manifestation of a sickness of organic product trees. In any case, it additionally can be an early side effect of different issues, in plantations as well as in prized scene trees in yards, parks, and forests.â Gummosis can debilitate a tree, yet it isnt the apocalypse. Draining or overflowing of sap from a tree, in spite of the fact that not typical, wont fundamentally forever hurt a tree or woody plant; the greater part of them will endure. Its additionally essential to recall that there are numerous foundations for nothing running sap from trees, including creepy crawly borers, infections, bark injury, and an assortment of maladies. Controlling these wellsprings of harm will control gum stores and sap stream, however there as a rule is no fix. Causes Gum oozing from cherry, peach, and sweetgum trees is normal, so watch out for these species. Gummosis isnt a pathogen in itself however the reaction to ecological worry from pathogenic, creepy crawly, or mechanical injury. Pathogenic irresistible sicknesses and blisters that bring about draining sap can get dangerous in organic product plantations. Especially, theâ cytospora ulcer, or perpetual infection, ordinarily causes parasitic seeping in stone fruited trees, for example, apricot, cherry, peach, and plum. This disease can be recognized from bug harm and mechanical wounds since sawdust or bits of bark arent blended in the sap, as would be the situation with creepy crawly or mechanical harm. It isnt fundamental for you to recognize the particular reason or causes included, yet its imperative to separate between bug invasion, mechanical injury, and irresistible malady for finding. Anticipation and Treatment There are the executives rehearses you can follow to bring down the danger of gummosis: Be cautious when utilizing grass and nursery hardware to stay away from tree tissue injury, which can harbor parasitic spores.Prevent winter cold injury to your tree by planting cold-solid species inside their solidness zones and outside disengaged wind avenues.Maintain a trees wellbeing to debilitate exhausting insects.Prune and discard appendages during late winter.Try to distinguish whether the tree has been harmed precisely, been assaulted by creepy crawlies, or contaminated by a sickness. Regularly, mechanical injury and creepy crawlies will leave uncovered sapwood or sawdust. Treat theâ causes as well as can be expected while expanding the most agreeable tree conditions for ideal wellbeing. Expanding tree energy is significant and will yield extraordinary outcomes. One accommodating treatment is applying a few pints of nursery lime under the tree dribble line if your site has a low to direct PH. Raising soil Ph to 6.5 can do ponders for tree wellbeing.

Business and Corporations Law Good Faith in Contract

Question: Examine about the Business and Corporations Law for Good Faith in Contract. Answer: Which means of thought A thought is the value which is specified by a promisor in return of his promise.A contract is viewed as legitimate just when there is an appropriate thought in the agreement (Johnstone2013). On account of Dunlop Pneumatic Tire Co Ltd v Selfridge Co Ltd, Lord Dunedin characterized thought as follows: A demonstration or avoidance of one gathering, or the guarantee thereof, is the cost for which the guarantee of the other is purchased, and the guarantee thusgiven for esteem is enforceable. (Turner2014). A guarantee which needs thought isn't considered as a legitimate promise.4Thus, thought is basic to an understanding and an understanding without a thought is void.However, in specific conditions, an agreement might be viewed as substantial even without an appropriate thought. Such subtleties need not be expressed here in this current task (Taskar 2015). 1 an) In the moment case, Jack has acknowledged to purchase a Lotus Super 7 games vehicle from Jane.The understanding has anyway been gone into with no thought. Case law: Milroy versus Lord For this situation, Mr Medley has executed a deed for moving certain bank partakes for a trust.However, there was no thought referenced in the deed and the name of the trust had additionally been enrolled in the register of the bank.4Mr Medley kicked the bucket afterwards.The individual delegate of Mr Medley contended that the deed couldn't be authorized on the grounds that it did not have an appropriate consideration.According to him, the exchange was an uncompleted blessing and along these lines the equivalent ought not be permitted to be upheld. The dispute of the individual agent of Mr Medley was acknowledged in the Court and it was held that the deed was void because of absence of appropriate thought (Siu2015). Consequently, a guarantee with an aim to do an unwarranted demonstration was can't be implemented in a Court of law (Hoand Lee2013) In the moment case likewise, the understanding among Jane and Jack for the offer of the vehicle comes up short on a legitimate thought. However, there has been an offer and acknowledgment in the moment case, yet the understanding can't be authorized because of need of an appropriate consideration.4It implies if Jane denies to offer the vehicle to Jack in future, Jack will have no lawful option to move the Court and implement the understanding. Subsequently, in the current case, the understanding doesn't tie the gatherings legitimately. b) In the moment case Jack has acknowledged an offer made by Jane for the offer of her Lotus Super 7 games vehicle. The sum for which the vehicle is indicated to be sold is $25000. The inquiry to be resolved for the situation is whether the measure of $25,000 is a decent thought and whether it ties the gatherings lawfully. It is basic to investigate the nature and prerequisite of thought to decide if the thought is a decent thought or not. Presently, thought might be anything specified by the promisor.7Consideration could possibly be in a financial form.4It may likewise be as a demonstration done by the promisee or as a restraint with respect to the promisee.1As for instance, a thought which requires a promisee to stop going to night clubs will be viewed as a decent consideration.This is a model where a promisee is required to avoid accomplishing something. So also a thought which requires a promisee to concentrate each Sunday evening will be viewed as a decent thought. This is a model where the promisee is required to do a go about as a thought for the guarantee (Hoand Lee2013) For the situation of Dunton versus Dunton, it was held that surrendering an opportunity would establish great thought (McKendrick2014). On account of Wigan versus Edwards, it was held that surrendering a lawful right would comprise great thought (Carter 2014) For the situation of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, a carbolic smoke ball was created by the organization to keep people from contracting sicknesses like flu. The organization declared that it would give a measure of 100 pounds to any individual who gets influenza significantly in the wake of utilizing the smoke ball. Mrs Carill utilized such ball created by the organization as indicated by the bearing given by the organization yet at the same time got influenza (Mahdi et al., 2013). It was held that the bother endured by Mrs Carill in utilizing the smoke ball was a decent thought and in this manner the organization was subject to pay the award to Mrs Carill (Strong2014). In the moment case, the thought specified by Jane for the offer of her vehicle is $25000.8The showcase estimation of the vehicle is additionally $25000.3It implies that Jane would get a similar sum on the off chance that she decides to offer the vehicle to any other person other than Jack.Thus, the thought fixed under the agreement in the moment case is in term of cash and has been specified by the merchant. Such sum has additionally been consented to be paid by the buyer. Thus, it will be viewed as acceptable thought and the gatherings will be lawfully limited by the conditions of the agreement. In this way, jack has a lawful option to authorize the agreement if Jane won't offer the vehicle to him in future. 1c) In the moment case, Jack has acknowledged an offer made by Jane for selling her Lotus Super 7 games car.The thought sum fixed by Jane for the offer of the vehicle is $2500.The case includes the assurance of the inquiry whether the thought of $2500 is legitimate to tie the gatherings lawfully into the agreement. Presently, an understanding so as to be a decent thought should be sure and not fanciful. Case law: Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace For this situation, Pace went into a work contract with Biotechnology. Under the provisions of the work contract, Jane was permitted to take an interest in the value sharing plan of the ranking staff of the company.However, no such plan was in presence when the agreement hosts been gone into between the gatherings (Goldberger2012). It was held that the thought specified in the agreement was fanciful and questionable and thus the understanding was not permitted to be authorized (Carter2013). 1A thought need not be sufficient so as to be a decent consideration.A thought might be of insignificant worth and still it might tie the gatherings in a lawful understanding. On account of Mountford versus Scott, a thought measure of 1for the acquisition of a land was viewed as a decent thought and the understanding was viewed as a substantial understanding (Furmston et al. 2012). Validating an agreement with an insignificant thought is to offer opportunity to the gatherings to decide the estimation of consideration.1It is certainly not a necessary that the thought ought to be fixed by the market estimation of the item (Hillman2012). In situations where the thought is lacking or inadequate, the factor which the Court may contemplate is whether the gatherings were in a similar haggling position when the agreement has been gone into. In the event that the Court discovers that there has been an unconscionable deal in an agreement, the Court may put aside such agreement. In the moment case, the thought is simply $2500 where as the market estimation of the vehicle is $25000.3The thought has been specified by the dealer and it has been intentionally acknowledged by the buyer.None of the gatherings has applied weight or impact on the other to acknowledge the provisions of the understanding. Deliberate assent hosts been given by both the gatherings and thus the understanding will be legitimate and the gatherings will be lawfully limited by the conditions of the understanding. In the moment case, North Ocean Tankers went into an agreement with a shipbuilder, who was required to build a tanker.A sanction concurrence with a third has just been gone into by North Ocean Tankers and henceforth the big hauler should be conveyed on schedule. The thought sum fixed for the work is in US $.The contract didn't accommodate any vacillation in the cash. The development work was begun by the shipbuilder and as it was being built, out of nowhere a depreciation of US $ by 10% occurred. The shipbuilder requested an additional measure of US $3 million for consummation of the work.The request of the shipbuilder was acknowledged by the North Ocean Tankers hesitantly under dissent as there was no other alternative left for the North Ocean Tankers. The North Ocean Tanker tries to recoup the overabundance sum paid nine months after the conveyance of the big hauler. The realities of the moment case is fairly like that of North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd. vs.Hyundai Construction Co and another.In this case additionally an understanding was gone into between Hyundai another (respondents) and North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd (offended parties) for the development of a tanker.10The litigants were required to build a big hauler under the agreement.3The thought fixed under the agreement was in US $ and it was to be paid in five instalments.The litigants opened a letter of credit to make sure about the installment of the portions if there should arise an occurrence of any default.1As soon as the main portion was paid, the US $ was debased by 10%.A risk was given by the litigants that they would keep away from proceeding with the work if their interest isn't satisfied. In the mean time, a worthwhile understanding had been gone into by the offended parties for contracting the big hauler. The interest was acknowledged by the offended parties and the respondents wer e mentioned to build the letter of credit. The offended parties brought an activity against the litigants for the recuperation of the abundance sum paid eight months after the conveyance of the big hauler (Burrows2015). The offended parties contended in the Court that the understanding ought to be pronounced void on the ground that the understanding did not have an appropriate thought or the understanding ought to be announced voidable on the ground that the understanding has been gone into during monetary coercion (O'Sullivanand Hilliard2016). The primary conflict of the offended party was dismissed by the

SAT Requirements For Yale University

Yale is one of the most highly ranked schools in the country. Admissions to the Ivy League institution are a highly competitive affair. If you want to increase your chances of getting into Yale, it would be a good idea to try and score as high as possible in the SAT. SAT Requirements For Yale So, what is the average score you should be looking at? You should be aiming to score atleast 2200+ in the SAT. You can get a good idea of your target score by looking at the score ranges. The 25th-75th score ranges for different sections for incoming freshman class are: Verbal – 710-800 Quant – 710-790 Writing – 720-800 Falling in the middle or the higher ranges of these scores will greatly boost your admission chances at Yale. Of course, the college does not specify the Yale SAT requirements on its website. It states: â€Å"There are no score cut-offs for standardized tests, and successful candidates present a wide range of test results.† Even if you have a slightly low SAT score, all is not lost. The Yale adcoms look for a number of different factors in your application.   They evaluate your GPA, extra-curricular activities, essays, personal statements and standout achievements. It is also important to keep in mind that Yale does not require students to take SAT subject tests. Students who do not take subject tests will not be disadvantaged in the application process. Another key point is that Yale does not participate in Score Choice. You have to report all scores to Yale. However, Yale focuses on the highest individual score in all sections among multiple tests. All the best! Access free SAT practice tests. Sign up now. You may also be interested in: SAT Requirements for Stanford Related articles #SAT College Board,#SAT Score #RefundAugustSAT | Have my SAT Scores Been Compromised? 0 1044 #SAT College Board New SAT 2018-2019 - Dates and Deadlines 0 9115 # Meet Our SAT Leaderboard Toppers! 0 2298 #SAT Score Average SAT Scores At 10 Top Universities   0 0 #SAT College Board Where to find answer explanations for SAT Blue Book? 0 5535 SAT Requirements for Carnegie Mellon University

A Consequentialist Action Is The Moral Worth Of An Act

A consequentialist action is a utilitarian theory. The utilitarian theory is a choice between two acts that can maximize utility for the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism is the moral worth of an act. Utilitarian takes the right proportion of utilities to promote happiness and prevent pain. Utilities is the expressed quality of happiness or satisfaction one gets from something (Mossier, 2013). Happiness comes in many levels of preference. However, the downside to utilitarianism is identifying different levels of pleasure. Identifying different levels of pleasure can be counteracted by an irrespective feelings to a moral obligation making the pleasure more desirable (Mills, 2008). Utilitarian is not the agent’s own greatest happiness, but the greatest amount of happiness altogether. One of the most important social roles is conscious gratification in convey what is gendered equality on jobs, in health care, and with educatio n utilizing the utilitarian theory. Acts like changing policies to promote gender equality that utilize skills and knowledge of women for the greatest number of people from the greatest amount of happiness is utilitarianism. Gender equality ought to be about equal justice. Held (n.d) contrasts the history of male and female ethics in an article titled â€Å"Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory.† Held (n.d.) writes, â€Å"but, we can hope to agree on the minimal conditions for justice, for coexistenceShow MoreRelatedPeter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesdeontological ethics (DE) mutually maintain that there is a right action that we morally ought to do. However, these normative ethical theories differ in the derivation of what is valued. In the case of human rights, both accounts are supportive of human rights, but for different reasons. Deontological ethics has as its basic thrust, the concept of a duty to do what is right. For one’s actions to be in accordance with DE, those actions must be realized out of a â€Å"notion of right (that) is not derivedRead MoreEssay on Immanuel Kant’s Non- consequentialist Ethical Theory 1369 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction According to Immanuel Kant the driving force behind our actions should be dictated by what is inherently good as sole consideration and not be based upon the effects of what such actions may produce such as the case in the consequentialist theory of cause. In this essay Kant’s ethical non-consequentialist theory will be briefly investigated and a comparison drawn between the two different theories in order to establish merit in employment thereof in practice. 2. Kantian Morality CentralRead MoreMoral Issues in Business - Chapter 2 Notes793 Words   |  4 Pagesof Ethics Chapter Summary Points 1. Consequentialist moral theories see the moral rightness or wrongness of actions as a function of their results. If the consequences are sufficiently good, the action is right; if they are sufficiently bad, the action is wrong. However, nonconsequentialist theories see other factors as also relevant to the determination of right and wrong. 2. Egoism is the consequentialist theory that an action is right when it promotes the individual’s bestRead MoreEthical Theories Of Ethical Egoism993 Words   |  4 PagesEthical egoism is a consequentialist normative ethical theory. There are two forms of ethical egoism. The first is individual ethical egoism which states that I should act in ways that are in my own best interest. The second form is universal ethical egoism which states that everyone one should act in their own best interest. In both forms, individuals should only consider others interest to the extent that it benefits their own well-being. The determination of morality is based off whether or notRead MoreKant s The Metaphysic Of Morals845 Words   |  4 PagesPractical Reason in the Moral Law, 127). Kant makes the argument that without good intentions, even if the action itself is morally good, the action has no intrinsic worth. Although he makes a very strong argument, this isn’t accepted by e veryone. In the excerpt Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant presents a profound argument that how right an action is, is determined by intention of the principle that is being acted on. He believes that the outcome of an action is irrelevant because itRead MoreConsequentialist and Non-consequentialist Theories1194 Words   |  5 Pagesof theories, consequentialist and non-consequentialist we are going to see if these theories are accountable for its principles in terms of the standard ethical principles such as truth telling, generosity, misconduct, keeping promises, not offending people, etc. To me not all these theories are not 100% perfect and does not fully account for its principles. Consequentialist: Focuses on the result of an action. The act is considered a good act if the result is good, likewise and act is consideredRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Integrity Objection1336 Words   |  6 Pagesconsequentialism first proposed by Bernard Williams in 1973. It problematizes consequentialist moral philosophy on the grounds that it forces an agent to forfeit their ‘integrity’ – their character and personal values – in order to follow an impartial moral calculus. When an agent performs an action which is morally correct according to a consequentialist calculation, they may experience guilt, sadness, or other negative emotions despite the moral rightness of what they did. Utilitarianism considers such feelingsRead MoreThe Two Shopkeepers- Kantian Ethics and Consequentialism Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesin Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is the issued of two shopkeepers. One shopkeeper is honest with his customers in or der to maintain a positive reputation and improve profits. The second one is honest because he thinks it is right and exercises his respect for the moral law. The first shopkeeper is motivated to be honest by the rewards of a positive reputation and profit. The second is motivated by respect for morally right action. Taking these motivations into considerationRead MoreA Summary of Groundworks of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant1290 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Critique of Practical Reason and Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals Summary Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, published in 1785, is Kant’s first major work in ethics. Like the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, the Groundwork is the short and easy-to-read version of what Kant deals with at greater length and complexity in his Critique. The Critique of Practical Reason, published three years later, contains greater detail than theRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : What Should Jean Do? Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesmorality is taken to mean moral judgments, standards and rules of conduct†. An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† solution. In detailed, an ethical dilemma is a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another (Shaw, 2014). Applying the definition to Jean’s situation in the case, Jean is facing a mental conflict between two moral imperatives. Whether to

Addiction Lack Of Will Power Or Brain Disease - 1186 Words

Addiction: Lack of Will Power or Brain Disease? Demonika M. Martin PS101 Introduction to Psychology Park University . I. Introduction Addiction is a disease that continues to fester and destroy individual’s lives. Once an individual is under the influence of drugs they no longer have control over their actions. Drug user’s brains are hijacked and taken on an explosive ride that begins with pleasure and ends in the damage of their brain. â€Å"Drug use is on the rise in this country and 23.5 million Americans are addicted to alcohol and drugs. That’s approximately one in every 10 Americans over the age of 12 – roughly equal to the entire population of Texas†¦.† said Dr. Kima Joy Taylor, director of the Closing the Addiction Treatment Gap Initiative. Once a person is addicted to a drug or alcohol they will lose their willpower and become subject to the desire of needing that drug continuously. II. Counter Argument There are a selective few that may feel that addiction is a choice and not a brain disease. There are various possibilities that may lead to an individual voluntarily using drugs. It is very doubtful that it is due to brain disease but in fact to stimulate a craving that is not essential to sustaining life. Psychologist Marc Lewis argues; â€Å"The brain changes with addiction,† he writes. â€Å"But the way it changes has to do with learning and development — not disease.† In contrast to Mr. Lewis’s statement the National Institute on Drug Abuse defines addictionShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Too Much Sugar On The Body1197 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen linked to Type 2 Diabetes, obesity, cancer, heart disease, and many other illnesses (Fed Up). These illnesses do not come about by merely eating sugar one time, of course, but emerging studies continue to find that excessive amounts of sugar increase their risk factors significantly. Millions of Americans are overweight, and although this may be blamed on sheer laziness and a lack of will power, the true basis of this epidemic is an addiction to sugar. When a person takes a bite of a sugary foodRead MoreThe Long Lasting Effect of Alcohol on The Brain1208 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States, and many debate whether alcoholism is a disease or choice. Accordingly, based on scientific evidence, alcoholism is a disease because it has major long-term effects on the brain, it is an addiction, and it is treated medically. The first major reason alcoholism should be considered disease is the long-lasting effects it has on the brain. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently conducted a study that shows how the brain is affected after chronic alcohol use. They concludedRead MoreDrug History And Policy Changes1558 Words   |  7 Pagesare drug addicts are all criminals and we (the law) should throw them in jail† to â€Å"addiction is a disease.† Even the way that addicts/alcoholics are treated has changed to treatment centers with specialist versus throwing them in the hospital to detox and hoping for a change. Policies that are shifting the penalty from incarceration to treatment reflect these changes and help the individual suffering from the disease to get back on their feet. The war on drugs rings on, but changes are being made.Read MoreAlcoholism : Is Alcoholism A Disease?929 Words   |  4 Pagesbe treated as a disease. Such approach to defining alcoholism means denying that alcohol abusers own a choice. In consequence, the treatment related differs and may or may not actually help alcoholics recover. A wrong diagnostic of this addiction can lead to serious health issues; therefore, it is vital to answer the following question: Is alcoholism a disease? Most experts in this field criticises this view of alcoholism as a disease due to the fact that this theory simply lacks a cure. It alsoRead MoreAddiction Abuse And Behavioral Addiction1552 Words   |  7 Pagessudden disease, the addict has the comfort of knowing what will most likely wait for him down the road. He s taken some control over his ultimate fate, and his addiction keeps the cause of death from being a total surprise (Chuck Palahniuk.)† In medical terms, an addiction is a chronic neurological disorder that has genetic, psychosocial, and environmental dimensions. There are various varieties of addiction in the world, but the most widely held are substance abuse and behavioral addiction . PresentlyRead MoreEssay on Burn the Fuse of Drug Abuse667 Words   |  3 Pages Addiction and abuse of drugs have remained an unexplainable circumstance, even till today. A mistaken assumption is that drug abusers lack moral principles, and if given a chance or in the presence of will power, their selections could be altered. In reality, drug addiction is known as a complex disease and requires more than will power or mere good intentions to change. Due to the fact that drug addiction could change the way the brain works, with time, the brain promotes compulsive drug abuseRead More The Etiology of Addiction Disease Model Essay examples1522 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction is like all behaviours â€Å"the business of the brain†. Addictions are compulsive physical and psychological needs from habit-forming sustenances like nicotine, alcohol, and drugs. Being occupied with or involved in such activities, leads a person who uses them again and again to become tolerant and dep endent eventually experiencing withdrawal. (Molintas, 2006). Addictive drugs cause dopamine neurons to release dopamine, the pleasure hormone. The narcotics disable the neurons that wouldRead MoreAlcohol And Its Effects On Alcohol1403 Words   |  6 Pagessocialization and combining food flavors with specific alcohols. Forgetting that too much can lead to many issues and problems like alcoholism, liver disease and contraindications with other medications. Alcohol was extremely detrimental to the native Americans of this land. Keywords: alcohol, tradition, addiction, indications, contraindications, liver disease, native Americans. Alcohol Abuse and its Indications Alcohol has been around for many centuries, involving tradition, religion, and social gatheringsRead MoreAddiction : Decision Or Disease Essay2021 Words   |  9 PagesAddiction: Decision or Disease According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her† (Drug Facts, 2012). Codependency disorder and drug addiction often go hand in hand; they feed into each other’s obsessions and unhealthy behaviors. 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Learning Organisation and Learning Environment

Question: Discuss about the Learning Organisation and Learning Environment. Answer: Introduction Learning Organisation is a term, which describes the ideal learning environment undertaken by the organisation to accomplish the business objectives. In such organisation, the associated people continuously expand their capacity and ideas for extracting the desirable outcome (Tait Blinco, 2014). The new pattern of thinking is nurtured by setting the aspirations free and determining the frequent learning process. The essay will specifically focus on the case scenario of Toyota, which is deemed to be a learning organisation. The necessity of undertaking such initiative will be analysed in this essay discussion section. The information derived from the underlying literature will also be much helpful for this study. Discussion In this current world, many of the organisations adopt the innovative learning process to enhance their productivity in a competitive scenario. Toyota Motors has faced the crisis situations due to which the sales production was required to split. In order to improve the operational process, each of the organisations keeps the major focus on resource allocation process (Pomsmeetings.org, 2016). Concentrating on such competitive scenario, Toyota decided to re-structure the functionalities to maintain the sustainable position in this current business world. In order to accomplish such business goals, the company has been concentrating on evaluating new strategies. The learning organisation is the staircase of achieving such motives and it occupies numerous innovative features that help in facilitating the growth opportunities (Khan et al. 2013). The learning organisations have to keep their focus on several dimensions, which have direct impacts on the organisational functionalities. Pet er Senge explained these included dimensions, such as System Thinking, Personal Mastery, Metal Models, Building Shared Vision, and Team Learning (Senge, 2014). Toyota Motors has adopted such technicalities to improve the operational functionalities as well strengthen the competitive position. It is necessary to analyse each of the dimension to understand the procedure of utilising different techniques to remain competitive. The first dimension of this learning process is System Thinking, which determines the elimination of the complexities associated with the functional systems. The purpose of system thinking is to be focused on the macro looks of the organisation instead of focusing on the individual units or events (Clark, Silvester Knowles, 2013). The close looks to this broad perspectives helps in identifying the cycles and patterns of the organisation more specifically. In fact, the interconnection between the organisation and associated members is also clarified through such closer analysis instead of viewing the isolated occurrences. In order to find such interconnections, there is the requirement of a proper system thinking approach. The associated system perspectives help in comprehending the shape of the organisational future (Clark, Silvester Knowles, 2013). It is even specifying the channels of the collective events for leading towards the shared vision determined by the organisation. It is noted that the system thinking approaches of Toyota Motors is one of the successful examples that can be applied to improve the business functionalities. It is noticed that in the year of 2006, Toyota Motors earned the net profit of almost $12bn and majority $8.4bn was invested for research and development process (Hubpages.com, 2016). It was a greater step that Toyota undertook whereas Ford and General Motors was threatened with bankruptcy. The system thinking approaches undertaken by Toyota Motors soon reached to the position of the largest motor manufacturer after defeating General Motors in US. Such learning procedure undertaken by Toyota was started in the year of 1950. Moreover, it was noticed that the company started offering lower cost and higher quality vehicles that was the most significant step (Senge, Hamilton Kania, 2015). The production system of the company is generally describing the lean thinking nature. Toyota Motors was then entitled as the system thinking c ompany. The first challenge faced by Toyota was with the control and command process. The focus on the customer demands, value sharing aspects, and managing flows are the major measurements that the company needed to look after while undertaking the system thinking approach. The next dimension is Personal Mastery, which describes the process of enhancing the focus or vision of the organisation by considering the frequent process of learning. Personal mastery clarifies the motivations of learning for the betterment of the future of an individual. Following principles for achieving the determined objectives is personified in exploration of this concept (Caldwell, 2012). The success of an organisation depends on the willingness of the individuals to learn more innovative techniques. The commitments of the individuals towards the organisation are thus necessarily needed to be identified. Similarly, Toyota has been concentrating on the individual learning process by adopting the proper training sessions. It helps in developing the professional and personal attributes that is necessary for driving the organisational functionalities. The next dimension is Mental Model, which is describing the procedure of taking an actions based on the assumptions, pictures, images, and generalisations. The recognition of these aspects helps in understanding the proper way of undertaking the relevant actions for achieving the determined purposes (Woodside, 2016). In such regards, the identification of the underlying challenges is essential. Apparently, it can be stated that the mind models are the set of assumptions and beliefs, which has the impacts on human behaviour. Toyota has undertaken such system analysis process for the betterment of the organisational functionalities. The competition in the automotive industry, especially with General Motors of US, has been pushing the company to undertake the innovative business functions. It is even helpful enough in improving the self-potentiality in a significant manner. Another dimension is focusing on Building Shared Vision. It is to be indicated that the shared vision is essential for ensuring the organisational success (Hitt, 2013). Establishment of the mission or values is needed to be shared with the other associates. Sharing the vision is motivating the people to drive them to outshine more significantly. It is to be noted that many of the leaders perceive a particular vision statement that remains unrevealed to the organisation (Senge, Hamilton Kania, 2015). These types of leaders maintain their charismatic appearance and value based approaches for motivating the associated individuals. However, it is important to note that the leaders create the positive impacts on the employees. When the leader leaves the organisation, the motivational factors become invisible accordingly. Similarly, Toyota Motors has been concentrating on sharing the organisational visions with the employees. The employees are the major priorities for the company. In fact , the management of Toyota has been focusing on motivational process that can bring more performance efficiency. Communicating or sharing the major motto of the company is thus helpful in guiding them towards accomplishing the organisational goals. The final dimension is Team Learning, which determines the contributions derived from the team members. Team learning is considered as the state when the team members gather together and perform the business functionalities to achieve the similar goals (Clark, Silvester Knowles, 2013). In this current era of business, it is noticed that business companies implement different types of strategies. The associated employees are strategically divided into fewer groups and share the proper vision to accomplish their objectives (Caldwell, 2012). The management teams are staffed with high performing group of employees who are leading the organisation towards success. The management needs to take the initiative for providing proper learning sessions to the employees to make them aware of the determined goals. Accordingly, structuring the functionalities that are influencing the work performance of these team members is necessary for the organisational progress. Similarly, Toyota has also bee n concentrating on the team performance. The different development and training programmes are effective enough for the associated employees to make them more efficient (Tait Blinco, 2014). They even receive the chance to develop their professional skills that are essential for the future prospects. Hence, the team learning is one of the most preferable and necessary dimensions associated with the organisational learning process. The above discussion is highlighting the diversified dimensions of learning process that helps in achieving the determined goals. Apparently, it is noticed that development of these dimensions will be beneficial for the organisation to achieve the determined excellence. However, it is not an easy process to adopt the entire dimensions all at once. The resource planning and development process is required. Hence Toyota requires identifying the necessary technicalities for establishing the learning process. Conclusion The essay is identifying the underlying concept of learning organisation with special reference to the initiatives undertaken by Toyota Motors. The diversified dimensions of learning process provide the insightful ideas about the diversified functions that each of the managements needs to adopt. Toyota has been following the innovative system thinking process that is much effective for achieving the pre-determined goals. The sharing vision and team learning process is interconnected. When the organisation sets the goal and structures the management functionalities to achieve such goal, it is necessary to share such determinations with the employees. The group work and learning process help in achieving such motto. Automatically, it helps in developing the personal and professional skills of the students. References Caldwell, R. (2012). Leadership and learning: A critical reexamination of Senges learning organization.Systemic Practice and Action Research,25(1), 39-55. Caldwell, R. (2012). Systems thinking, organizational change and agency: A practice theory critique of Senge's Learning Organization.Journal of Change Management,12(2), 145-164. Clark, D. M., Silvester, K., Knowles, S. (2013). Lean management systems: creating a culture of continuous quality improvement.Journal of clinical pathology,66(8), 638-643 Hitt, W. D. (2013). The learning organization: some reflections on organizational renewal.Employee Councelling Today. Hubpages.com, (2016). Why Toyota Motor Company is a Great Learning Organization. [online] HubPages. Available at: https://hubpages.com/business/Why-Toyota-Motor-Company-is-a-Great-Learning-Organization [Accessed 7 Dec. 2016]. Khan, M. S., Al-Ashaab, A., Shehab, E., Haque, B., Ewers, P., Sorli, M., Sopelana, A. (2013). Towards lean product and process development.International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing,26(12), 1105-1116. Pomsmeetings.org, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.pomsmeetings.org/confpapers/025/025-0234.pdf [Accessed 7 Dec. 2016]. Senge, P. M. (2014).The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business. Senge, P., Hamilton, H., Kania, J. (2015). The dawn of system leadership.Stanford Social Innovation Review Winter,2015, 27-33. Tait, A., Blinco, K. (2014). Seeding a learning organisation.The Australian Library Journal,63(2), 94-107. Woodside, A. G. (2016). System Dynamics Research of Bad and Good Decision Processes and Outcomes. InMaking Tough Decisions Well and Badly: Framing, Deciding, Implementing, Assessing(pp. 53-67). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Skills necessary for success in todays world free essay sample

Job skills for today’s work force have changed from what was required in the past. In the past, being able to read, write, and show up on time for your job position on a daily basis was all that was needed to be successful. While all of those qualities are still important for success on the job, many more abilities are expected for job success in the modern world. In order to be successful in today’s workforce, many more qualities are required. As an example, computer capabilities. Today’s employment sectors require employees to be comfortable working on computers, be familiar with social media such as Facebook, and be able to navigate around a smart phone. In addition to being computer and smart phone savvy, the successful employee will need to be respectful and accepting of cultural diversity. With the ability to travel virtually anywhere in the world in a day’s time, being culturally diverse is vital for success on the job front. We will write a custom essay sample on Skills necessary for success in todays world or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The qualities of being able to work with coworkers as a team, coming to work on time each day, the ability to follow directions, asking questions when needed, and being able to complete the tasks expected of you, are keys for success on the job. The ability to read, write, and do arithmetic will always remain vital for competence on the job. The old way of handling things for success on the job is not gone, but added to those skills are new and technologically advanced ways of performing essential job functions. The ability of each employee to be able to adapt to new ways of doing their job functions can only benefit society and propel us into the next century.

Problems Essays - Manufacturing, Management Accounting, Costs

Problems Essays - Manufacturing, Management Accounting, Costs Problems Problem 1 Required: Use the following information to complete the below schedule of cost of goods manufactured. (25 points) Purchases of raw materials$120,000.00 Raw materials available for use$148,000.00 Cost of direct raw materials used$124,000.00 Manufacturing overhead$24,000.00 Total manufacturing costs$310,000.00 Ending work-in-process inventory($46,000.00) Cost of goods manufactured$306,000.00 Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured Beginning inventory, raw materials$28,000.00 Plus: Purchases of raw materials$120,000.00 Raw materials available for use$148,000.00 Less: Ending raw materials inventory($24,000.00) Cost of direct raw materials used$124,000.00 Direct labor$162,000.00 Manufacturing overhead$24,000.00 Total manufacturing costs$310,000.00 Plus: Beginning work-in-process inventory$42,000.00 Total work in process$352,000.00 Less: Ending work-in-process inventory($46,000.00) Cost of goods manufactured$306,000.00 Problem 2 Required: JZ is a musician who is considering whether to independently produce and sell a CD. JZ estimates fixed costs of $10,000 and variable costs of $4.00 per unit. The expected selling price is $12 per CD. What is JZ's break-even point in units and dollars? (25 points) Break-even point in unitsFixed Costs10000/(12-4)1250 Contribution margin per unit Break-even point in dollarsBreak-even point in units * selling price1250 * 12$15,000.00

Psychology (Personality) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychology (Personality) - Essay Example The types of questions asked by lay people include the following. What is a personality clash Do people with opposite personalities find each other attractive Can someone have little or no personality Academic questions are also of interest to the lay person, and might include the following. Does personality change much over time What causes (shapes, determines) an individual's personality What are the fundamental dimensions of personality To what extent do personality differences (alone) determine such things as health What causes a person to be an introvert or extravert (more likely an ambivert) Can neurotics be cured effectively Personality psychology is often a child of its investigative method. The couch and the laboratory use different methods, and hence develop different concepts and theories of personality. Personality psychologists, unlike many of their biological and cognitive colleagues, are often 'whole-person' psychologists, not focusing exclusively on beliefs, emotions or cognitions. Many have tended to ask 'big' questions, such as the following. What is the relative importance of the past, the present and the future to the development of personality What motivates human behaviour How important is the concept of self How consistent is human behaviour (Hergenhalin, 1994). As Cook (1984) notes, there are many different and important reasons for studying personality - obviously to gain a scientific understanding, but also to assess people accurately and to try to change people. He also argues that some theories look at the development of personality and others examine the structure of personality, w hich attempts to get below the surface of observable trait-type behaviours by examining biological, phenomenal or motivational factors. Carver and Scheier (1992) argue that, whereas some personality theorists (especially trait theorists) are interested in the structure of personality, others are more interested in its functioning. Both are important, but the result is often the development of separate theories and approaches. Personality theorists and researchers have influenced and have also been influenced by many other disciplines. Indeed, there is evidence that personality differences are related to different interests in psychology. Thus Zachar and Leong showed that pure (scientific) vs. applied (practitional) graduate students had quite different personalities. Pushing graduate students into strong practitioner-personality orientations to become scientists makes as much sense as trying to convert an introvert into an extravert. However, introverts may benefit from some training and social skills, just as practitioner-orientated graduate students can learn to think and evaluate their interventions scientifically without having to become a practising scientist. (Zachar and Leong, 1992, p.676) Sociologists and anthropologists have influenced some personality theories by discussing what goes on 'outside, around and among' individuals, rather than what goes on inside them. Lately, however, it has been biologists and geneticists whose ideas and discoveries have most influenced personality research. Certainly this trend looks likely to continue. Behaviour genetics, cognitive neuropsychology and multivariate statistics probably represent the most influential contributions to the discipline at the moment (see Section 1.11). Personality psychology aims to provide viable

Strategic Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Leadership - Essay Example From the above definition or explanation, real strategic leadership therefore means taking responsibility for the future but not forgetting what is happening today. It involves creativity, planning, and intuition to help reach desired and set goals. This form of leadership contains aspects of direct and organization leadership but the difference leis in the fact that strategic leadership affects more people, commits more resources and has wider-ranging consequences in both space and time. Thus making it of prime importance when it comes to the success of businesses or organizations. The very first is that strategic leadership encourages and promotes feedback. He explains strategically led companies depend on free flow of information and opinion and given the fact that a company is a complex, self-organizing and self-correcting system, any breach in feedback loops will be a threat to the company and this will affect growth. In other words communication, free discussions between all levels within and without the organization is a necessity. This will encourage intergrity, identity and focus. Secondly strategic leadership encourages and promotes loyalty and prevents powers struggle. According to Christensen man is a territorial and hierarchical being. He defines his territory, defends it and esteems it above all. When he finds himself in a context where a common strategy is not defined and communicated to him, he will struggle to protect his personal interests at the expense of the company. Common strategy therefore must be defined and communicated to the entire staff so as to motivate them to perform and fight for the interest of the company against competitors. He goes further to say strategic leadership is important for organizations and businesses because it defines processes and patterns. In the absence of this power struggles, bureaucracy, demotivation and wasted time could result. The tasks and

Evolution of Human Figure in Sculpture Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Human Figure in Sculpture Essay Depiction of human figures have dramatically changed through time. It was in sculpture that human physical dimensions were visibly illustrated. There have been many variations of the human body shown from the prehistoric to the modern period. In this research, three sculpture namely: statute of Gilgamesh, the Moschophoros and the statue of Augustus of Prima Porta will be used to trace the progression of the human body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gilgamesh was   the main character in the Epic of Gilgamesh wherein he was portrayed as half god and half human. His personality was the representation of all the virtues of humans. In the statue, Gilgamesh was shown holding a lion in a headlock position wherein his arm was protected by the â€Å"chain-mail robe† (Gilmore â€Å"Ancient Sumeria). Meanwhile, the other hand was gripping a snake.   These portrayals symbolized Gilgameshs warrior and royal status. The body was irregularly depicted because of the   disproportion of the upper and lower body.   The torso seemed intentionally elongated making the waist line looked low. However, since the statue is an example of a Gargantuan statue, they type of perspective would make a difference in the alteration of the figures proportions (Gilmore â€Å"Ancient Sumeria).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Calf-bearer or the Moschoporos is the interpretation of a Greek specifically a rich Attican who was about to sacrifice a calf as an offering to the goddess Athena. The figure was clothed with a thin cloak that outlined the structure of the body resulting to a partially nude sculpture. The animal was put around the figures shoulders with his hands clutched on the hooves. More so, muscular details were evident in the abdomen area. Many details were present on the face of the human figure. The curls of his hair took the shape of pearls or corals that framed his forehead while a closed small mouth with a curved beard and â€Å"deep-set eyes† accented the whole face (Atlantis International â€Å"The Acropolis Museum†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The statue of Augustus of Prima Porta signified Augustus military supremacy. Historically, the statue was believed to be created as a sign of the commemoration of the triumph of the Romans against the Parthians. Unlike other Roman leaders, Augustus was   depicted as a mere man and not the traditional deified god (Ramage â€Å"Historical Reflection on the Statue †). The head of the statue contained details that were very recognizable such as the broad head with a Primaporta styled hair, full close mouth, keen ridged eyebrows, smooth round chin and   pointed nose highlighted. The breastplate with intricate graphical details and the hand in an upright position signified his authority. Meanwhile, the presence of the robe suggested the godliness of Augustus and the cupid riding a dolphin emphasized the divinity of the â€Å"founder of Venus and Italy namely the Julian family to Aeneas† (Ramage â€Å"Description of the Statueà ¢â‚¬ ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the three sculpture, the Roman portrait of Augustus was the most defined in terms of human form. It exactly depicted the human characteristics from top to bottom. The statue of Gilgamesh and the Calf-bearer have some distortions in the body image making it look disfigured. In the statue of Augustus, it had a sense of movement while the statue of Gilgamesh and the Calf-bearer appeared stiff. Also, the Gilgamesh lacked the three-dimensionality because of the awkward position of the legs and arms while the Calf-bearer compared to the former achieved more proportion because of the smooth construction of the muscles in the body. It is evident that from the Archaic period to the time of the Romans, human figure developed from a god-like depiction like the Gilgamesh to a more real person represented by Augustus. However, the concept of the sanctity of gods and goddesses were prevalent in the three sculptures. Overall, the sculptures showed the progress in depicting the human body from being disproportionate to a perfect formation of the shape and movement of the whole body. Works Cited Glimore, Tom. â€Å"Ancient Sumeria.†1999. T Byron G Publishing. 27 March 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.anticipation.info/texte/gilmore/Tom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   %20Gilmore/www.tomgilmore.com/sumeria.htm. Ramage. â€Å"Description of the Statue.† (October 2005). The Statue of Augustus of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prima Porta   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://web.mit.edu/21h.402/www/primaporta/description/. Ramage. â€Å"Historical Reflection on the Statue.† (October 2005). The Statue of Augustus of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prima Porta http://web.mit.edu/21h.402/www/primaporta/context/reflection/. â€Å"The Acropolis Museum.† (2006). Atlantis International.   27 March 2008     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://madeinatlantis.com/athens/acropolis_museum.htm.

Congress Public Image :: essays research papers

No body of government truly has a truly perfect image in the U.S., but in particular is the congress. There are quite a few theories as to why Congress has a bad public image. Congress may have a poor public image but if it weren’t for it’s own members speaking ill of the institution then the image problem could easily be fixed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think one of the main reasons why Congress has a poor public image is because its members often times criticize it. Many congressional candidates run on the idea that they are going to get into congress, fix it, and make it work. How is the public supposed to be satisfied with an institution that isn’t even accepted by its own members? I don’t blame the public for having a bad image of the Congress. Most citizens only pay attention to politics with the minimum effort; what they see on TV or what they read on the front page of the paper. Congressmen don’t usually go around praising Congress and even if they did, the media doesn’t find that interesting and will ignore it. Therefore, the people only believe what they are presented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another element to this issue would be Congress’ very public decision making process. As Davidson and Oleszek wrote â€Å"if a representative or senator sounds ill-informed or advances an outrageous proposal †¦the representatives of the media are likely to stress the†¦event rather than the substance of the overall debate.† This is very true because when congress discusses issues, it is broadcast on CSPAN and covered by journalists. On the contrary, the inner workings of the executive branch and the judicial branch are kept very private most of the time. Again, all the people are being presented with is biased information so that is all they have of which to form an opinion. This particular example is not Congress’ fault however. They have no control over how the media portrays them. Congressmen are human and if they make a mistake while addressing their peers, it should not become an addition to the list of reasons to hate congress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Davidson and Oleszek also mentioned the fact that there is no single spokesperson for Congress as a whole. I completely agree with this because it allows the people to have one person to address instead of searching around and hearing from many different people. Davidson and Olseszek write, â€Å"While the President can communicate quickly to the American people concerning his goals and programs Congress lacks such capabilities.

Team Concept, Human Behavior, Persuasion & Diversity

1. The role of the leader in the team concept is very important. Research shows that success is enhanced, if an organization understands and effectively manages five team processes. List and discuss these five team processes in Chapter 17. The five team processes are: 1. Buy-in: how the work of the team is legitimized and goals are set. 2. Accountability: how individual and team performance is managed and rewarded. 3. Learning: how performance is improved and skills developed. 4. Infrastructure: how the work of the team is systemized and resources accessed. 5.Partnering: how people interact and work together to achieve success on the team and across organizational units (Manning & Curtis, 2009). 2. Physical and emotional needs are important determinants of human behavior, helping to explain why people work, why they have certain personal goals, and what they want in their relationships with others. Psychologist Abraham Maslow divides human needs into five categories, progressing from basic needs to complex needs. Discuss Maslow’s five â€Å"Hierarchy of Human Needs. † List and discuss each one. Maslow’s five Hierarchy of Human Needs are: . Survival. The needs that are taken as the starting point for motivation theory are the physiological, or basic body tissue, needs. Taking a breath of air and acting in self-defense are normal expressions of such needs. Survival needs are strong and natural forces within the person. 2. Security. Once survival needs are satisfied, security needs become important. Freedom from threat and protection from loss are major security goals, helping explain our interest in savings accounts, medical insurance, seniority rights, and burglar alarms. 3. Belonging.When survival and security needs are satisfied, the need for belonging emerges. This is true for people in all cultures, whether aggressive or peaceful, primitive or advanced. Every individual makes a distinct effort to belong to some aspired social group. 4. R espect. Once survival, security, and belonging needs are satisfied, people are motivated by the need for respect the need to be considered favorably by self and others. The pursuit of fame, regardless of the field business, government, and the arts can be explained only by the powerful need for respect. 5. Fulfillment.After physical and social needs are satisfied, people are motivated by the need for fulfillment, which Maslow referred to as â€Å"self-actualization. † These people may or may not please others by what they do, and their efforts may or may not result in the attainment of intended goals (Manning & Curtis, 2009). 3. Chapter 18 discusses â€Å"why people do what they do. † There are nine points to remember about human motivation. With these in mind, you will better understand why people do what they do. These points can also explain the complicated relationship between personal goals and work behavior.List and discuss these nine points for human motivation. The nine points for human motivation are: a. A satisfied need is not a motivator. It is not what people have that motivates behavior; it is what they do not have, or what they have done without. b. Employee motivation and company success are related. c. Psychological needs and social values are not the same. d. The same act can satisfy any of the five motivation levels. e. All people have the same needs, but to different degrees and accompanied by different wants. What it takes to satisfy motivational needs and how much is required are unique to each person. . A person can be deficiency-motivated, bringing harm to self or others. It is possible to have an extreme fixation on a natural need, so strong that it can lead to neurotic and even destructive behavior. g. Unsatisfied needs can harm your health, as surely as if you were physically stricken. If you feel the need for recognition, but no one respects you; if you feel the need for love, but no one cares; if you feel the need for self-expression, but have no outlets, you can develop a motivation condition as harmful as physical illness. h.Leadership is important in meeting employee needs and preventing motivation problems. What a leader does will vary with the circumstances. Sample actions include improving job safety (survival needs), clarifying job assignments (security needs), offering a word of encouragement (belonging needs), providing praise for a job well done (respect needs), and offering new skills development (fulfillment needs). i. The ideal is to integrate the needs of the individual with the goals of the organization. If the needs of the individual can be satisfied while advancing the goals of the organization, he ultimate in employee morale and organization effectiveness will be achieved (Manning & Curtis, 2009). 4. Managing diversity is very important for both the leader and organizational survival. List and discuss strategies and techniques that can help both individuals and organizations man age diversity effectively. What can individuals do:  ¦ Connect with and value your own culture.  ¦ Think about how it feels to be different by remembering times when you felt that you were in the minority.  ¦ Try to understand each person as an individual, rather than seeing the person as a representative of a group. Participate in educational programs that focus on learning about and valuing different cultures, races, religions, ethnic backgrounds, and political ideologies.  ¦ Make a list of heroes in music, sports, theater, politics, business, science, and so forth.  ¦ Learn about the contributions of older people and people with visual, hearing, or other impairments.  ¦ Learn more about other cultures and their values through travel, books, and films, and by attending local cultural events and celebrations.  ¦ Continually examine your thoughts and language for unexamined assumptions and stereotypical responses. Include people who are different from you in social con versations, and invite them to be part of informal work-related activities, such as going to lunch or attending company social events.  ¦ When dealing with people, try to keep in mind how you would feel if your positions were reversed. What can organizations do:  ¦ Include employees from a variety of backgrounds in decision-making and problem solving processes.  ¦ Develop strategies to increase the flow of applicants from a variety of backgrounds. Look for opportunities to develop employees from diverse backgrounds and prepare them for positions of responsibility  ¦ Show sensitivity in the physical work environment.  ¦ Form a group to address issues of diversity.  ¦ Implement training programs that focus on diversity in the workplace programs designed to develop a greater awareness and respect for differences.  ¦ Pay attention to company publications such as employee newsletters.  ¦ Evaluate official rules, policies, and procedures of the organization to be sure all employees are treated fairly. Develop mentoring and partnering programs that cross traditional social and cultural boundaries.  ¦ Talk openly about diversity issues, respect all points of view, and work cooperatively to solve problems (Manning & Curtis, 2009). 5. Historically, women in high leadership positions have come from nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, and public office. However, over the last few years, they are starting to come from the business world. The Center for Creative Leadership has identified six success factors for women in high leadership positions. List and discuss these six success factors for women.The Center for Creative Leadership has identified six success factors for women in high leadership positions: 1. Help from above. Women in high levels of leadership have typically received the support of influential mentors. 2. A superior track record. Held to high standards, executive-level women have usually managed effectively and have develope d an excellent record of performance. 3. A passion for success. Senior-level women have been determined to succeed. They worked hard, seized responsibility, and achieved their objectives. 4. Outstanding people skills.Successful women executives typically utilize participative leadership, employee empowerment, and open communication to foster trust and high levels of morale among subordinates. 5. Career courage. Successful women leaders have demonstrated courage to take risks, such as taking on huge responsibilities. 6. Mental toughness. Senior-level women are seen as tenacious, demanding, and willing to make difficult decisions (Manning & Curtis, 2009). Applications Exercise 19. 2 1. 4 2. 4 3. 2 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 4 8. 3 9. 2 10. 3 11. 4 12. 4 13. 2 14. 4 15. 4 Domination = 12 Collaboration = 8 Compromise = 8 Avoidance = 11 Accommodation = 11

Essay about A Very Brief History on the Existence of God

The subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Section (2), explores G.W. Leibniz’s view on God’s existence in addition to his attempts to rectify the shortcomings of Descartes’ proofs. Before continuing, it is imperative to understand that both Descartes and Leibniz believed that the existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essay then examines two additional philosophers, David Hume in section (4) and Immanuel Kant in (5), who contend that God’s existence cannot be rationally proven. (1) Being a devout Catholic, Descartes undeniably believed in God. He makes this†¦show more content†¦Putting this in simple terms, the innate idea of God is like a stamp which says ‘Made by God’. Additionally, Descartes reasons that because he exists with an innate idea of God, God then must also exist. He explicitly states this: â€Å"I have no choice but to conclude that the mere fact of my existing is and of there being in me an idea of a most perfect being, that is God, demonstrates most evidently that God too exists† (34). In the Fifth Meditation, Descartes offers a second, but similar proof for God’s existence. Descartes begins by asserting that a triangle, even if it does not exist anywhere in the world â€Å"still has a certain determinate nature, essence, or form which is unchangeable and eternal† which is not fabricated and which does not depend on the mind (43). He then uses this idea as the basis for his second proof of God’s existence. Based upon the notion of a triangle, Descartes believes that â€Å"the existence of God ought to have †¦ some degree of certainty that truths of mathematics† have (44). For Descartes there is no less a â€Å"contradiction in conceiving a supremely perfect being who lacks existence than there is in conceiving a triangle whose interior angles do not sum to 180 °Ã¢â‚¬  (Oppy). Descartes again presumes (like he did for the proof in the Third Meditation) that because he has an idea of God, God must, therefore, exist. After es tablishing the second proof for God’s existence, Descartes then bases many things, includingShow MoreRelatedHawking s A Briefer History1377 Words   |  6 PagesSteven Hawking’s A Briefer History in Time tells a simplified story of the universe. Hawking’s starts out the book by going over the different type of cosmology that was held throughout history. He mentions the beliefs that Aristotle, Copernicus, Galileo and other notable individuals held about the universe. This discussion is used to segue into a brief description of the different theories, laws, and ideas concerning the universe held by people today. 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